Journal of Applied Research in Electrical Engineering

Journal of Applied Research in Electrical Engineering

Selecting an Optimal Single-Temperature Battery Model for Robust State-of-Charge Estimation across Thermal Conditions

Document Type : Research article

Authors
Behnam Ersi Alambaz 1
Mohsen Ghalehnoie 2
Hamid Reza Moazami 3
1 Faculty of Electrical EngineeringShahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran.
2 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran.
3 Nuclear Fuel Cycle Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Tehran, Iran
10.22055/jaree.2026.49987.1243
Abstract
This paper investigates the effect of ambient temperature on the accuracy of state-of-charge (SoC) estimation in lithium-ion batteries using the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Experimental evaluations were conducted at three distinct temperatures—5°C, 25°C, and 45°C—representing low, nominal, and high thermal conditions. Results reveal that battery performance and SoC estimation accuracy significantly depend on temperature, with 25°C providing the most stable electrochemical behavior and lowest estimation error. A dual-cell equivalent circuit model is employed to simulate the battery dynamics, and EKF is utilized as a real-time estimator due to its robustness in handling non-linear systems. Additionally, a thermally stable SoC operating range between 70% and 30% is identified, where the battery exhibits a reliable and predictable response across all tested conditions. These findings underline the importance of incorporating temperature effects into battery modeling for improved performance and safety in practical applications.

Highlights

  • Dual-cell equivalent model applied for accurate Li-ion battery dynamics.
  • EKF used for nonlinear SoC estimation under thermal variations.
  • Experiments conducted at 5°C, 25°C, and 45°C.
  • 25°C showed the lowest SoC estimation error.
  • Results confirm the need for temperature-aware battery models.

Keywords
Lithium-ion battery
State-of-Charge
Temperature dependence
Extended Kalman Filter
Dual-cell equivalent circuit model
Thermal behavior
Subjects
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Journal of Applied Research in Electrical Engineering
Volume 4, Issue 2
Summer and Autumn 2025
July 2025
Pages 266-273

  • Receive Date 16 June 2025
  • Revise Date 23 December 2025
  • Accept Date 25 February 2026