Document Type : Research article
Authors
1 Electrical Engineering Department, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
2 Electrical Engineering Department, Abhar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abhar, Iran
Abstract
The healthy operation of high-power transformers plays a crucial role in the reliability of power systems. Given the thermal model of transformers under heavy-load and high-temperature conditions, the hot spot temperature exceeding the maximum allowable value may result in oil dissolution and cascading. This paper uses a thermal model of transformers to analyze the hot spot temperature load level under predicted ambient temperature, which may cross the healthy conditions. Then, an Incentive-Based Demand Response (IBDR) and a thermal model of transformers are used to determine optimal load curtailment. On the other hand, as the paper uses the demand response (DR) for security reasons, the risk of load participation in IBDR programs should be minimized. Hence, a Response Fatigue Index (RFI) is employed to maintain the comfort level of demands participated in DR. Also, the feasible solution area for multi-objective optimization is determined, given costs and RFI, using the sequential solution of a single-objective problem with cost reduction as the objective and RFI as the constraint with different levels of maximum acceptable RFI. The developed model was applied to a real substation in Iran as a test case. The results show that DR can enhance the reliability and life expectancy of the transformer while keeping the comfort level of loads as high as possible.
Highlights
- Employing The thermal model in studying transformer operation considering Demand Response (DR)
- The DR risk reduction using the Response Fatigue Index (RFI)
- Using sequential single objective optimization with different RFI to find the Pareto front of the solution
Keywords
Main Subjects
- IEEE guide for loading mineral-oil-immersed transformers and stepvoltage regulators, IEEE Standard 91–2011-1995, March. 2012.
- Power transformers part 7: loading guide for oil-immersed power transformers, IEC Standard 60076–7, 2005,Aug 2005.
- L. Willis, Power distribution planning reference book. CRC press, 1997.
- Grid Week Talk. (Sep 11, 2009). Investing in our energy future [Online].
- Strbac, " Demand side management: benefits and challenges," Energy Policy, vol. 36, no. 12, pp. 4419–4426, 2008.
- Diahovchenko, R. Petrichenko, L. Petrichenko, A. Mahnitko, P. Korzh, M. Kolcun and Z. Čonka, " Mitigation of transformers’ loss of life in power distribution networks with high penetration of electric vehicles," Results in Engineering, vol. 15, 100592, 2022.
- Teja, P.K Yemula,"Architecture for demand responsive HVAC in a commercial building for transformer lifetime improvement," Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 189, 2020.
- Gunasekara, L. Meegahapola and M. Jalili, " Demand Response Scheme for Distribution Transformer Load Relieving using Smart-Meter Data," in Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), 2021, pp. 1-6.
- Loitongbam and T. Ghose, "Impact of Demand Response on transformer loss of life," in International Conference on Computer, Electrical & Communication Engineering (ICCECE), 2020, pp. 1-5.
- H. Jürgensen, L. Nordström and P. Hilber, "Estimation of Individual Failure Rates for Power System Components Based on Risk Functions," in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 1599-1607, 2019.
- D. Poyser, “An on-line microprocessor based transformer analysis system to improve the availability and utilization of power transformers,” IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-102, no. 4, pp. 957–962, 1983.
- Hilshey, P. D. H. Hines, P. Rezaei, and J. R. Dowds, “Estimating the impact of electric vehicle smart charging on distribution transformer aging,” IEEE Trans. SmartGrid, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 905–913, 2013.
- Humayun, M.Z. Degefa, A. Safdarian, and M. Lehtonen, "Utilization improvement of transformers using demand response," IEEE transactions on power delivery, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 202-210, 2014.
- A. Abd Aziz, M.A. Talib, A.F. Abidin, an S.A.M. Al Junid, "Development of Power Transformer Health Index Assessment Using Feedforward Neural Network," Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 276-289, 2023.
- D. Medina, D.A. Zaldivar, A.A. Romero, J. Zuñiga, and E.E. Mombello, "A fuzzy inference-based approach for estimating power transformers risk index," Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 209, 108004, 2022.
- Yu, W. Xiong, K. Xu, Y. Yu, X. Yuan, X. Zou, and L. Xiao, "A risk assessment method of power transformer based on three-parameter interval grey number decision-making," Applied Sciences, vol. 12, no. 7, 3480, 2022.
- L. Dixon, and D. Robey, "When to Replace Aging Transformers, Part 2: Guidelines to Replace Older Transformers Before Failure," IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 46-56, 2022.
- Nanfak, S. Eke, F. Meghnefi, I. Fofana, G.M. Ngaleu, and C.H. Kom, "Hybrid DGA method for power transformer faults diagnosis based on evolutionary k-means clustering and dissolved gas subsets analysis," IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 2421-2428, 2023.
- L. Da Silva, O. Reis, F.D.O. Assuncao, J.C. Oliveira Castioni, R. Martins, C.E. Xavier, and L.E.L. Oliveira, "An Online Non-Invasive Condition Assessment Method of Outdoor High-Voltage SF6 Circuit Breaker," Machines, vol. 11, no. 3, 323, 2023.
- Zhao, F. Gui, H. Chen, L. Fan, and P. Pan, "Life Cycle Cost Estimation and Analysis of Transformers Based on Failure Rate," Applied Sciences, vol. 14, no. 30, 2024.
- Vita, G. Fotis, V. Chobanov, C. Pavlatos, and V. Mladenov, "Predictive maintenance for distribution system operators in increasing transformers’ reliability," Electronics, vol. 12, no. 6, 2023.
- Gkatzikis, I. Koutsopoulos, and T. Salonidis, “The role of aggregators in smart grid demand response markets,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 1247–1257, 2013.
- H. Kim and A. Shcherbakova, “Common failures of demand response,” Energy, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 873–880, 2011.
- Swift, T.S. Molinski and W. Lehn, "A Fundamental Approach to Transformer Thermal Modeling – Part I : Theory and Equivalent Circuit, " IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery ,vol. 16 no. 2, pp. 171-175, 2001.
- IEEE Recommended Practice for Performing Temperature Rise Tests on Oil-Immersed Power Transformers at Loads beyond Nameplate Ratings, IEEE Standard 91.119-2001, March. 2012.
- Paulhiac, and R. Desquiens, "Dynamic Thermal Model for Oil Directed Air Forced Power Transformers With Cooling Stage Representation," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 4135-4144, 2022.
- M, Abasi, M. Joorabian, A. Saffarian, and S. G Seifossadat, "A Comprehensive Review of Various Fault Location Methods for Transmission Lines Compensated by FACTS devices and Series Capacitors," Journal of Operation and Automation in Power Engineering, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 213-225, 2021.
- Ebrahimi, and M.Abedini, "A two-stage framework for demand-side management and energy savings of various buildings in multi smart grid using robust optimization algorithms," Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 53, 104486, 2022.
- Sadeghi, and M. Abasi, "Optimal Placement and Sizing of Hybrid Superconducting Fault Current Limiter to Protection Coordination Restoration of the Distribution Networks in the Presence of Simultaneous Distributed Generation,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 201, 107541, 2021.
- Abasi, A. Torabi Farsani, A. Rohani, and M. Aghazadeh Shiran, “Improving Differential Relay Performance during Cross-Country Fault Using a Fuzzy Logic-based Control Algorithm,” 5th Conference on Knowledge-Based Engineering and Innovation, 2019.
- Ebrahimi, M. Abedini, M.Mm Rezaei, and M. Nasri, "Optimum design of a multi-form energy in the presence of electric vehicle charging station and renewable resources considering uncertainty," Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks, vol. 23, 100375, 2020.
- K. Yemula, "Architecture for demand responsive HVAC in a commercial building for transformer lifetime improvement," Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 189, 106599, 2020.
- Humayun, M.Z. Degefa, A. Safdarian, and M. Lehtonen, "Utilization improvement of transformers using demand response," IEEE transactions on power delivery, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 202-210, 2014.
)