Document Type : Research article
Authors
1 Electrical Engineering Department, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
2 Electrical Engineering Department, Abhar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abhar, Iran
Abstract
The healthy operation of high-power transformers plays a crucial role in the reliability of power systems. Given the thermal model of transformers under heavy-load and high-temperature conditions, the hot spot temperature exceeding the maximum allowable value may result in oil dissolution and cascading. This paper uses a thermal model of transformers to analyze the hot spot temperature load level under predicted ambient temperature, which may cross the healthy conditions. Then, an Incentive-Based Demand Response (IBDR) and a thermal model of transformers are used to determine optimal load curtailment. On the other hand, as the paper uses the demand response (DR) for security reasons, the risk of load participation in IBDR programs should be minimized. Hence, a Response Fatigue Index (RFI) is employed to maintain the comfort level of demands participated in DR. Also, the feasible solution area for multi-objective optimization is determined, given costs and RFI, using the sequential solution of a single-objective problem with cost reduction as the objective and RFI as the constraint with different levels of maximum acceptable RFI. The developed model was applied to a real substation in Iran as a test case. The results show that DR can enhance the reliability and life expectancy of the transformer while keeping the comfort level of loads as high as possible.
Highlights
- Employing The thermal model in studying transformer operation considering Demand Response (DR)
- The DR risk reduction using the Response Fatigue Index (RFI)
- Using sequential single objective optimization with different RFI to find the Pareto front of the solution
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